What is Doxing? What Private Investigators Need to Know

Overview of Doxing

Doxing, derived from hacking terminology “dropping docs,” refers to publicly revealing private or personal information about an individual without their consent. In this context, personal information includes addresses, phone numbers, email accounts, employer, relatives, financial information, and other details. Doxing, sometimes spelled “doxxing,” is often executed online, frequently utilizing social media platforms. In addition, people use public records, open-source intelligence (OSINT) tools, and various online databases to gather and disseminate information.

How Doxing is Used

The technique/process can be employed for various reasons. The primary reason is harassment or intimidation. Often, individuals target those with differing opinions, such as political opponents or activists. Also, people use investigation techniques for revenge, especially against a former boyfriend/girlfriend or ex-spouse. In addition, some use it in the name of vigilante justice, claiming to expose wrongdoers. Sometimes, this leads to public shaming or mob justice.

Less maliciously, some companies may engage in related processes for market research and gathering intelligence on competitors. However, this practice raises ethical concerns.

Typical Users of Doxing

While anyone with internet access can engage in doxing, certain groups are more prevalent in this activity:

• Hackers and Cybercriminals: Often, these individuals target high-profile figures or corporations to exploit for financial gain.
• Activists and Protesters: Activists may investigate individuals associated with organizations or movements they oppose, claiming it as a form of activism.
• Online Trolls: Many find and share personal information to cause chaos or distress among their targets.

According to a 2021 report by the Anti-Defamation League, around 26% of Americans have experienced doxing, with 11% stating it happened to them directly. This illustrates the widespread nature of the issue and its potential impact on a broad audience (source: Anti-Defamation League, 2021).

Risks to Privacy

Doxing poses significant risks to individual privacy and security. The consequences can be severe, including:

• Emotional Distress: Victims often experience anxiety, depression, and fear for their safety as a result of having their personal information publicly disclosed. In addition, the embarrassment associated with the exposure may cause severe emotional stress.
• Physical Threats: Doxed individuals may face harassment or even bodily harm, as their addresses and other identifying information are accessible to the public.
• Identity Theft: Revealing sensitive information can lead to identity theft, putting victims at financial risk and damaging their credit scores.
• Reputation Damage: The public nature of the process can result in long-term reputational harm, affecting personal relationships and career opportunities.

Public Records Sites

Public records providers make it easy to find public records. While using these sites is perfectly legal, how you use the information may violate laws in your jurisdiction. Respecting privacy laws and regulations is essential when using these services. Always ensure that your reasons for conducting a background check are legal and ethical.

1. Intelius: Intelius offers access to public records to look up contact information and conduct basic. The online service aggregates data from various sources to provide detailed reports.
2. BeenVerified: This service provides access to public records, including criminal histories, social media profiles, and contact information. For a subscription fee, users can run unlimited background checks.
3. TruthFinder focuses on deep web searches, revealing more than surface-level data. It includes information about criminal records, phone numbers, and social media activity. However, we do not recommend this service.
4. PeopleFinders offers various services, including background checks, reverse phone lookups, and address history. It compiles information from public records and other databases.
5. CheckPeople: Provides access to public records and helps users find contact information and criminal histories.
6. US Search: Specializes in finding people and public records, including property records, court records, and more.
7. Whitepages: Although primarily a directory service, Whitepages offers background check capabilities, including criminal records and address histories. The site offers both free and premium services.

Considerations for Private Investigators

For private investigators, understanding doxing is crucial. As professionals who often handle sensitive information, they must be aware of the implications of their work. Here are a few considerations:

1. Data Handling: PIs must be vigilant in collecting and storing data to prevent accidentally exposing clients or subjects of investigations.
2. Ethical Boundaries: Maintaining ethical standards is essential. Investigators should avoid crossing lines that could lead to illegal or unethical situations, even inadvertently.
3. Protection Strategies: Implementing robust security measures for their data and that of their clients can help mitigate risks.
4. Education and Awareness: Staying informed about trends and tactics can help PIs recognize and navigate potential threats effectively.

What should I do if I’ve been doxed?

If you’ve been doxxed, here are steps you can take:

1. Document Everything: Take screenshots and save all evidence related to the situation.
2. Contact Platforms: Report the content to the websites or social media platforms where your information is shared.
3. Secure Your Accounts: Change passwords, enable two-factor authentication, and review privacy settings on your accounts.
4. Inform Friends and Family: Let them know what’s happening to keep them aware and cautious. Friends and family can help identify additional places where your information is being shared.
5. Consider Legal Action: If threats or harassment occur, consult legal professionals about your options.
6. Monitor Your Information: Keep an eye on any further leaks or misuse of your information.
7. Stay Safe: Take precautions for your physical safety if you feel threatened.
8. Seek Support: Consider talking to a counselor or support group to manage stress and anxiety.

Taking action quickly can help mitigate the impact.

More Information

Doxing presents a complex challenge in the digital age, posing significant risks to individual privacy and security. Understanding the nuances is vital for private investigators to protect their clients and themselves from potential harm. As the landscape of information sharing continues to evolve, remaining vigilant and ethically responsible will be critical to navigating this issue.

For more information, visit the Department of Homeland Security.

See the article Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) tools for other tools used in the process.